Data sources and licenses

These are the public datasets behind the ranges on this site, with the license each publisher uses and the credit line they ask for. We do not offer downloads of the derived data at launch.

Two cities' permits were checked and then left out because their declared values did not pass our calibration check. They are listed at the end.

City of Cleveland, Department of Building and Housing

Used in the ranges on this site.

Datasets
  • Issued Building Permits, City of Cleveland
License
Open Database License (ODbL) v1.0
Attribution
City of Cleveland Department of Building and Housing
Required notice
Contains information from the City of Cleveland Issued Building Permits dataset, which is made available under the Open Database License (ODbL) v1.0.
Retrieved
2026-10-11

City of Pittsburgh, Department of Permits, Licenses, and Inspections

Used in the ranges on this site.

Datasets
  • PLI Permits, Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center
License
Creative Commons Attribution
Attribution
City of Pittsburgh Department of Permits, Licenses, and Inspections; Western Pennsylvania Regional Data Center
Retrieved
2026-10-11

City of Buffalo, Department of Permit & Inspection Services

Used in the ranges on this site.

Datasets
  • Permits, Open Data Buffalo
License
Public domain
Attribution
Department of Permit & Inspection Services
Retrieved
2026-10-11

City of Seattle, Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections

Used in the ranges on this site.

Datasets
  • Building Permits
  • Electrical Permits
  • Trade Permits
License
Public domain
Attribution
City of Seattle
Retrieved
2026-10-11

City of Baltimore, Department of Housing & Community Development

Used in the ranges on this site.

Datasets
  • Housing and Building Permits, Open Baltimore
License
Open license under Baltimore City Code Art. 1, ยง 9-8(b)
Attribution
City of Baltimore Open Data
Retrieved
2026-10-11

U.S. Census Bureau and HUD, American Housing Survey 2023

Used in the ranges on this site.

License
Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. 105)
Attribution
U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, American Housing Survey
Retrieved
2026-10-08
Datasets
  • American Housing Survey 2023 National Public Use File v1.1 (CSV)

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI-U and producer price indexes

Used in the ranges on this site.

License
Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. 105)
Attribution
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Required notice
BLS.gov cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from BLS.gov.
Retrieved
2026-10-10
Datasets
  • BLS API v2 response: CUUR0000SA0 (CPI-U, all items, U.S. city average, NSA) and WPU1148 (PPI, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment), 2015-2024, with annual averages
  • BLS API v2 response: CUUR0000SA0 and WPU1148, 2025-2026 (latest: 2026 M08)
  • BLS API v2 response: PPI WPU1361 (prepared asphalt and tar roofing and siding products), WPU1066 (domestic water heaters), WPUSI012011 (construction materials), 2017-2026 with annual averages

U.S. Census Bureau, geography files (ZIP lookup)

Used in the ranges on this site.

License
Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. 105)
Attribution
U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 ZCTA to County Relationship File
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, state geocodes (vintage 2023)
Retrieved
2026-10-11
Datasets
  • 2020 ZCTA to County Relationship File (national, pipe-delimited)
  • Census Bureau Region and Division Codes and FIPS Codes for States (vintage 2023)

City of New Orleans, Department of Safety and Permits

Checked for calibration, failed, and not used in any range on this site.

License
Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (Public Domain Dedication)
Attribution
Safety and Permits
Retrieved
2026-10-09
Datasets
  • Permits (rcm3-fn58), code HVAC (Mechanical HVAC), land use RSFD/RSF2
  • Permits (rcm3-fn58), code RNVN (non-structural renovation), RSFD/RSF2, window keyword
  • Permits (rcm3-fn58), electrical codes SERV/ERPR/EGEN/EVCH/EVIN, land use RSFD/RSF2

City and County of San Francisco, Department of Building Inspection

Checked for calibration, failed, and not used in any range on this site.

License
Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License
Attribution
San Francisco Department of Building Inspection
Retrieved
2026-10-09
Datasets
  • Building Permits (i98e-djp9), existing use 1-2 family dwelling, window keyword
  • Electrical Permits (ftty-kx6y), all uses (no residential flag)
  • Plumbing Permits (legacy system, a6aw-rudh), PMW mechanical, fee categories 1M/2M

Contains information from the City of Cleveland Issued Building Permits dataset, which is made available under the Open Database License (ODbL) v1.0.